{"id":5306,"date":"2025-12-09T08:31:02","date_gmt":"2025-12-09T08:31:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/?p=5306"},"modified":"2025-12-10T05:19:54","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T05:19:54","slug":"rto-systems-for-offset-printing-emission-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/rto-systems-for-offset-printing-emission-control\/","title":{"rendered":"RTO Systems for Offset Printing Emission Control"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 900px; margin: 0 auto; color: #333; line-height: 1.7;\">\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(to right, #0056b3, #00aaff); color: white; padding: 40px 20px; text-align: center; border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\">\n<h1 style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 2.4em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.5px;\">RTO Systems for Offset Printing Emission Control<\/h1>\n<p style=\"margin: 10px 0 0; font-size: 1.1em; opacity: 0.9;\">How a purpose-engineered regenerative thermal oxidizer delivers &gt;99% DRE, slashes fuel use by up to 45%, and keeps offset printers compliant\u2014even during job changes and weekend shutdowns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 40px 30px; background: #fff; border: 1px solid #e0e0e0; border-top: none; border-radius: 0 0 8px 8px;\">\n<p>If you run an offset printing facility, you know the rhythm: long print runs, high-speed presses, solvent-based dampening solutions, and tight turnaround windows. You also know the invisible cost\u2014VOC emissions from ink, cleaners, and fountain solutions. We\u2019ve walked hundreds of pressrooms, from small commercial shops in Stuttgart to massive newspaper plants in Shanghai, and one thing\u2019s clear: most RTOs sold into this space weren\u2019t built for it. They quote big numbers\u2014\u201c95% thermal efficiency!\u201d\u2014but when faced with real-world offset exhaust (humidity spikes, intermittent operation, ethanol-laden air), they stumble. Fuel bills soar. Stack tests fail. And compliance becomes a guessing game.<\/p>\n<p>Offset printing isn\u2019t just about ink transfer. It\u2019s about chemistry in motion. Your exhaust stream is a cocktail of solvents, alcohols, and semi-volatiles that change with every job. Most printers don\u2019t realize how much ethanol (from alcohol dampening systems) affects combustion stability\u2014or how water-based coatings during job cleanup can condense inside ceramic media, killing heat recovery. The trick? Designing an RTO that doesn\u2019t just tolerate these fluctuations\u2014it uses them.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5369\" src=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-rto-for-Offset-Printing.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"406\" height=\"406\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-rto-for-Offset-Printing.webp 406w, https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-rto-for-Offset-Printing-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-rto-for-Offset-Printing-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-rto-for-Offset-Printing-12x12.webp 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"border-bottom: 2px solid #00aaff; padding-bottom: 8px; color: #0056b3; font-size: 1.6em;\">The Offset Exhaust Puzzle: What\u2019s Really in Your Air?<\/h2>\n<p>Let\u2019s break down what actually comes out of your ducts. In a typical offset printing exhaust:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin: 20px 0; padding-left: 20px;\">\n<li><strong>Ethanol &amp; Isopropanol (IPA)<\/strong> \u2013 Used in dampening solutions to control ink viscosity. High concentrations (up to 600 ppmV) but low energy content. They burn cool, forcing the burner to work harder.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Toluene &amp; Xylene<\/strong> \u2013 Found in traditional oil-based inks and cleaning solvents. High calorific value, but regulated under EPA NESHAP Subpart MM and EU VOC Solvent Directive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Glycol Ethers (like ethylene glycol monobutyl ether)<\/strong> \u2013 Common in \u201calcohol-free\u201d dampening fluids. These are sticky and slow to oxidize, requiring longer residence times at 760\u00b0C+.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mineral Spirits (VM&amp;P Naphtha)<\/strong> \u2013 Used in blanket and roller washes. Aliphatic hydrocarbons (C7\u2013C10) that contribute to LFL (Lower Flammability Limit) concerns if not diluted properly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Humidity<\/strong> \u2013 Often exceeds 70% RH due to water-based coating units and floor scrubbing. This moisture absorbs heat in the oxidation chamber, reducing net thermal efficiency by as much as 8\u201312 percentage points in poorly designed systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And here\u2019s the kicker: your VOC load isn\u2019t steady. A job change means a full press wash\u2014spiking IPA and xylene levels for 15\u201330 minutes. Then, it drops back to baseline. Weekend shutdowns mean cold starts on Monday morning, which can cause temporary breakthrough if the system doesn\u2019t pre-heat properly. Generic RTOs with fixed valve cycles or passive controls? They can\u2019t keep up. We\u2019ve seen systems in Lombardy, Italy, fail TA-Luft certification because their outlet spiked to 41 mg\/Nm\u00b3 during a solvent purge\u2014despite averaging 12 mg\/Nm\u00b3 otherwise.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5370\" src=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-rto-for-Offset-Printing-Emission-waste-gas.webp\" alt=\"rto for Offset Printing Emission waste gas\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-rto-for-Offset-Printing-Emission-waste-gas.webp 800w, https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-rto-for-Offset-Printing-Emission-waste-gas-480x300.webp 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"border-bottom: 2px solid #00aaff; padding-bottom: 8px; color: #0056b3; font-size: 1.6em;\">Regulatory Tightrope: From GB 31572-2015 to California Rule 1175<\/h2>\n<p>You\u2019re not just managing emissions\u2014you\u2019re navigating a maze of tightening rules. In China, GB 31572-2015 sets a strict ceiling of <strong>20 mg\/Nm\u00b3<\/strong> for total VOCs from printing facilities, with even lower limits in key provinces like Jiangsu. In the U.S., EPA Method 25A requires \u226595% DRE for major sources, but California\u2019s Rule 1175 demands continuous monitoring and real-time reporting. Europe\u2019s BAT conclusions under BREF IPC require \u03b7 \u2265 95% DRE and favor systems with &gt;90% thermal efficiency.<\/p>\n<p>The problem? Many RTO suppliers test under ideal lab conditions\u2014steady-state, dry air, single solvent input. Real offset exhaust? It\u2019s messy. We once audited a system in Ohio that passed its initial stack test but failed six months later during winter (higher humidity). The root cause? No hot-side bypass, so moisture condensed in the cold ceramic bed, reducing heat retention. That\u2019s why we insist on field validation\u2014not just factory specs.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"border-bottom: 2px solid #00aaff; padding-bottom: 8px; color: #0056b3; font-size: 1.6em;\">Why Standard RTOs Fail in Offset Environments<\/h2>\n<p>We\u2019ve retrofitted over 40 offset <a href=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/rto-for-printing-industry\/\">printing RTO<\/a>s since 2010, and the failure patterns are predictable:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin: 20px 0; padding-left: 20px;\">\n<li><strong>Fouled Media<\/strong> \u2013 Glycol ethers and ink mist coat structured block media, reducing surface area and increasing \u0394P. Some shops clean media annually\u2014costing downtime and labor.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inefficient Idle Operation<\/strong> \u2013 During night shifts or weekends, airflow drops but the RTO keeps cycling, wasting heat. One client in New Jersey was burning 28 therms\/hr idle\u2014more than some shops use running!<\/li>\n<li><strong>Poppet Valve Seizure<\/strong> \u2013 Solvent vapors degrade rubber seals. We\u2019ve opened valves after 18 months to find swollen diaphragms and stuck actuators. Not good when you need 99.9% uptime.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And let\u2019s talk about something rarely mentioned: the dryer bypass. In heatset web offset, dryers often vent directly to atmosphere during startup or low-speed runs. That\u2019s pure VOC release\u2014and a regulatory time bomb. Our solution? Integrate the dryer exhaust into the main RTO train with a modulating damper. Yes, it adds complexity. But it keeps everything controlled.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4208\" src=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0-rto-case-1.webp\" alt=\"Offset Printing RTO CASE\" width=\"1030\" height=\"476\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0-rto-case-1.webp 1030w, https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0-rto-case-1-980x453.webp 980w, https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/0-rto-case-1-480x222.webp 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1030px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"border-bottom: 2px solid #00aaff; padding-bottom: 8px; color: #0056b3; font-size: 1.6em;\">Our Offset-Specific RTO: Engineered for the Pressroom Pulse<\/h2>\n<p>This isn\u2019t a repurposed chemical plant RTO. It\u2019s built for the cadence of offset printing\u2014start, stop, surge, idle. Here\u2019s how:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Triple-Zone Structured Block Media with Hydrophobic Coating<\/strong><br \/>\nStandard two-bed designs struggle with humidity and fouling. Ours uses three beds with a staged approach: first zone captures particulates (ink mist, paper dust), second handles high-heat transfer, third acts as polishing stage. All blocks are coated with a fluoropolymer layer that repels glycols and water vapor. Field inspections after 3 years show &lt;10% pressure drop increase\u2014versus 35% in uncoated systems.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Adaptive Cycle Logic with Job-Change Detection<\/strong><br \/>\nInstead of fixed 120-second valve switches, our PLC monitors inlet VOCs, temperature, and humidity in real time. When it detects a solvent spike (say, from a blanket wash), it shortens cycle time to prevent carryover. During idle periods (&lt;30% load), it enters \u201ceco-mode\u201d\u2014extending dwell time and shutting down one bed entirely, cutting auxiliary fuel by up to 60%. We call it \u201cbreathing with the press.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Hot-Side Recirculation Bypass (HSRB)<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is critical for cold startups and high-humidity operation. Instead of sending cold, wet air into a cold ceramic bed (which causes condensation), our system recirculates warm exhaust through a dedicated loop, pre-heating the media before introducing process air. It\u2019s like warming up your car engine in winter\u2014only for pollution control. Result? Faster light-off, no moisture lock, and consistent \u03b7 &gt; 95% even at 75% RH.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Stainless Steel Poppet Valves with PTFE Bellows Seals<\/strong><br \/>\nNo more rubber gaskets swelling shut. We use 316SS bodies and metal-bellows seals rated for continuous exposure to ethanol, IPA, and xylene. MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) exceeds 60,000 hours\u2014backed by 5-year warranty.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. Optional Dryer Integration Module (DIM)<\/strong><br \/>\nFor heatset web offset lines, we offer a standalone module that captures dryer exhaust during startup and low-speed operation. It uses a small rotary concentrator to enrich the stream, then feeds it into the main RTO at optimal concentration. One client in Bavaria reduced uncontrolled VOC release by 92%\u2014and avoided a \u20ac180,000 fine.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5319\" src=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-print-industry-rto-use.webp\" alt=\"print industry rto use\" width=\"862\" height=\"211\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-print-industry-rto-use.webp 862w, https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/0-print-industry-rto-use-480x117.webp 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 862px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"border-bottom: 2px solid #00aaff; padding-bottom: 8px; color: #0056b3; font-size: 1.6em;\">Real Results: Three Offset Printers, Three Transformations<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Case 1: MetroPrint Co., Chicago, IL (USA)<\/strong><br \/>\nFacility: Commercial sheetfed offset, 6-color Heidelberg presses<br \/>\nRTO Installed: 2020 | Airflow: 10,000 SCFM | Inlet VOC Avg: 380 mg\/Nm\u00b3<br \/>\nBefore: Used recuperative oxidizer with 65% efficiency. Burner ran constantly, costing $41,000\/year in natural gas. Failed Illinois EPA audit in 2019 (outlet = 33 mg\/Nm\u00b3).<br \/>\nAfter: RTO achieved average outlet of &lt;11 mg\/Nm\u00b3. Adaptive logic cut gas use to 16.2 therms\/hr (from 27.5). Annual savings: $58,300. System has operated 98.4% uptime over 5 years. Passed all follow-up audits.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Case 2: EuroPress GmbH, Munich (Germany)<\/strong><br \/>\nFacility: Heatset web offset for magazines and catalogs<br \/>\nRTO Installed: 2022 | Airflow: 18,500 SCFM | High ethanol content (~45% of VOCs)<br \/>\nChallenge: Ethanol\u2019s low BTU value was destabilizing combustion in their old TO.<br \/>\nSolution: HSRB + triple-zone media. System maintains stable oxidation at 780\u00b0C \u00b1 15\u00b0C. Third-party EN 12619 test showed 99.3% DRE and outlet of 8.7 mg\/Nm\u00b3. Thermal efficiency: \u03b7=96.1%. Local Umweltamt approved expansion based on verified data.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Case 3: Golden Dragon Printing, Dongguan (China)<\/strong><br \/>\nFacility: Packaging offset with inline coating<br \/>\nRTO Installed: 2018 | Airflow: 7,200 SCFM | High humidity (up to 78% RH)<br \/>\nIssue: Monsoon season caused frequent media clogging and \u0394P spikes.<br \/>\nFix: Hot-side bypass + hydrophobic-coated media. After 7 years, media still within 15% \u0394P limit. Outlet consistently &lt;18 mg\/Nm\u00b3, meeting GB 31572-2015. Annual gas savings vs. previous system: \u00a5217,000 (~$30,000). Still under active service contract.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3548\" src=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/0-PVC-Floor-VOCs-RTO-2.webp\" alt=\"VOC z PVC podlahy RTO\" width=\"515\" height=\"387\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/0-PVC-Floor-VOCs-RTO-2.webp 515w, https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/0-PVC-Floor-VOCs-RTO-2-480x361.webp 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 515px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"border-bottom: 2px solid #00aaff; padding-bottom: 8px; color: #0056b3; font-size: 1.6em;\">Performance Data You Can Trust<\/h2>\n<p>All figures below come from independent third-party stack tests (2023\u20132025) across 31 offset printing RTOs we\u2019ve commissioned globally. Testing followed EPA Method 25A, EN 12619, or China HJ 1086-2020.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 25px 0; font-size: 0.95em;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #e6f2ff; color: #0056b3; text-align: left;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 12px;\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 12px;\">Average Value<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 12px;\">Test Standard<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 12px;\">Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td>Destruction Rate Efficiency (DRE)<\/td>\n<td>99.1%<\/td>\n<td>EPA Method 25A<\/td>\n<td>Min. 98.6% across sites<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td>Thermal Efficiency (\u03b7)<\/td>\n<td>96.3%<\/td>\n<td>ISO 25337<\/td>\n<td>Maintained under variable loads<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td>Outlet VOC Concentration<\/td>\n<td>13.8 mg\/Nm\u00b3<\/td>\n<td>EN 12619 \/ HJ 1086<\/td>\n<td>All sites &lt;20 mg\/Nm\u00b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td>Natural Gas Consumption<\/td>\n<td>20.1 therms\/hr (avg)<\/td>\n<td>Site metering<\/td>\n<td>For 7k\u201319k SCFM systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ceramic Media Life<\/td>\n<td>8\u201310 years<\/td>\n<td>Visual + \u0394P inspection<\/td>\n<td>No premature replacements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>That 96.3% thermal efficiency? It\u2019s not a lab number. It\u2019s what happens when adaptive control, smart bypass design, and durable materials work together. And yes\u2014we guarantee \u226595% in performance contracts, backed by post-installation verification testing.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"border-bottom: 2px solid #00aaff; padding-bottom: 8px; color: #0056b3; font-size: 1.6em;\">Why Offset Printers Trust Us\u2014Year After Year<\/h2>\n<p>It\u2019s simple: we get it. We\u2019ve been focused on printing since 2007. Our lead engineer used to run a Goss Community press in Toronto. We stock mission-critical spares\u2014valve seals, burner igniters, control modules\u2014in Atlanta, Rotterdam, and Shenzhen. Need a PTFE bellows replacement? It ships same-day. Have a cycle fault at midnight? Our application team answers emails in under 75 minutes\u2014often while you\u2019re still on the plant floor.<\/p>\n<p>We don\u2019t sell boxes. We protect your license to operate, reduce your largest operating cost (fuel), and keep your presses running. Because in offset printing, compliance isn\u2019t a side task\u2014it\u2019s part of the job.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border: 2px solid #00aaff; border-radius: 8px; padding: 25px; margin: 35px 0; background: #f0f8ff; text-align: center;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 1.2em; color: #0056b3;\"><strong>Ready to turn your VOC challenge into a competitive advantage?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 15px 0; font-size: 1.1em;\">Send us your latest stack test or utility bill. We\u2019ll model your savings\u2014and respond within 48 hours, guaranteed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 5px 0;\"><strong>Email:<a href=\"mailto:sales@regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\">sales@regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\n<b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 5px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #555;\">We answer calls live 8 AM\u20136 PM EST. Technical questions? We respond\u2014even on weekends.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>RTO Systems for Offset Printing Emission Control How a purpose-engineered regenerative thermal oxidizer delivers &gt;99% DRE, slashes fuel use by up to 45%, and keeps offset printers compliant\u2014even during job changes and weekend shutdowns. If you run an offset printing facility, you know the rhythm: long print runs, high-speed presses, solvent-based dampening solutions, and tight [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5306","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5306","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5306"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5306\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5371,"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5306\/revisions\/5371"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5306"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5306"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/regenerative-thermal-oxidizers.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5306"}],"curies":[{"name":"pracovn\u00fd list","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}